1. 능동 현재 분사, 수동 과거 분사
-ing 형태가 형용사나 부사로 사용될 때, 이들은 능동 동사와 유사한 의미를 가집니다.
falling leaves (= leaves that fall)
a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat)
She walked out smiling. (= She was smiling.)
대부분의 과거 분사는 형용사나 부사로 사용될 때 수동적인 의미를 가집니다.
a broken heart (= a heart that has been broken)
He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. (= He had been forgotten by everybody.)
2. interested와 interesting 등
과거 분사 interested, bored, excited 등은 사람들의 감정을 표현하는 데 사용됩니다.
I was very interested in the lesson. (NOT I was very interesting in the lesson.)
I didn’t enjoy the party because I was bored. (NOT …because I was boring.)
The children always get terribly excited when Granny comes.
(NOT The children always get terribly exciting…)
His explanation made me very confused. (NOT …made me very confusing.)
현재 분사 interesting, boring 등은
감정을 일으키는 사람이나 사물을 묘사하는 데 사용됩니다. 비교해 보겠습니다:
She’s an interesting writer, and I’m very interested in the subjects that she writes about.
Boring teachers make bored students.
3. 예외: 능동 과거 분사
몇몇 자동사는 능동 의미를 가진 과거 분사를 가질 수 있으며,
특히 명사 앞에서 형용사처럼 사용됩니다.
예를 들어:
a fallen leaf (= a leaf that has fallen)
advanced students (= students who have advanced to a high level)
(NOT students who have been advanced…)
developed countries a grown-up daughter
increased activity an escaped prisoner
vanished civilisations faded colours
a retired general swollen ankles
Rescuers are still working in the ruins of the collapsed hotel.
몇몇 더 많은 과거 분사들은 오직 구문에서 부사처럼 사용될 수 있습니다.
예를 들어:
a well-read person (BUT NOT a read person)
a much-travelled man
recently-arrived immigrants
The train just arrived at platform six is the delayed 13.15 from Hereford.
일부 능동 과거 분사는 be 뒤에 사용될 수도 있습니다.
예시:
She is retired now.
My family are all grown up now — except my husband, of course.
Those curtains are badly faded.
This class is the most advanced.
Recovered, camped, stopped, finished, gone은 이러한 방식으로 사용되지만,
명사 앞에서는 사용되지 않습니다.
Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads? (NOT a stopped car…)
I hope you’re fully recovered from your operation.
We’re camped in the field across the stream.
I’ll be finished in a few minutes.
Those days are gone now.
He has been gone for hours — where do you think he is?
Worry는 비슷한 의미로 능동과 수동 양쪽으로 모두 사용할 수 있습니다.
I worry about you. I’m worried about you.
4. 형용사로 사용된 분사
분사는 명사 앞에서 형용사로, 또는 be 뒤에서,
다른 동사들과 함께 형용사로 자주 사용될 수 있습니다.
an interesting book a lost dog
a falling leaf The upstairs toilet window is broken.
screaming children His idea seems exciting.
목적어가 있는 -ing 형태는 형용사로 사용할 수 있습니다.
어순에 유의해야합니다.
English-speaking Canadians. (NOT speaking-English Canadians)
a fox-hunting man Is that watch self-winding?
분사가 있는 다른 복합 구조도 명사 앞에서 일반적입니다.
quick-growing trees government-inspired rumours
home-made cake the above-mentioned point
a recently-built house
모든 분사가 명사 앞에서 형용사로 사용될 수 있는 것은 아닙니다.
예를 들어, a lost dog는 말할 수 있지만, a found dog는 말할 수 없습니다.
이 규칙에 대한 명확한 설명을 제공하기는 어렵습니다.
아직 완전히 분석되지 않은 복잡한 영어 문법 영역입니다.
5. 명사 뒤에서 사용된 분사
우리는 종종 분사를 명사 뒤에서 사용하여 명사를 정의하거나 식별하며,
이는 관계절을 사용하는 방식과 유사합니다.
We couldn’t agree on any of the problems discussed.
(= the problems that were discussed.)
(NOT the discussed problems.)
The people questioned gave very different opinions.
(= The people who were questioned…)
(NOT The questioned people…)
I watched the match because I knew some of the people playing.
(NOT the playing people…)
I got the only ticket left. (NOT the only left ticket.)
Those는 분사와 함께 사용되어 '그/그녀/그것들은 ~하는 사람들'의 의미를 나타내는 데 자주 사용됩니다.
Most of those questioned refused to answer.
Those selected will begin training on Monday.
6. 의미의 차이
몇몇 분사들은 위치에 따라 그 의미가 달라집니다. 비교해 보겠습니다:
- a concerned expression (= a worried expression)
the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected)
- an involved explanation (= a complicated explanation)
the people involved (= the same as the people concerned)
- an adopted child (= a child who is brought up by people who are not his/her biological parents)
the solution adopted (= the solution that is/was chosen)
7. very와 과거 분사
과거 분사가 서술적 형용사로 사용될 때, 종종 very로 수식될 수 있습니다.
이는 정신적 상태, 감정 및 반응을 나타내는 단어들과 함께 자주 사용됩니다.
a very frightened animal (NOT a much frightened animal)
a very shocked expression
The children were very bored. She looked very surprised.
일반적인 예외:
That’s Alice, unless I’m (very) much mistaken. (NOT …unless I’m very mistaken.)
He’s well known in the art world. (NOT …very known…)
과거 분사가 수동 동사의 일부일 때, much 또는 very much가 일반적입니다.
He’s very much admired by his students.(NOT …very admired…)
Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation.
(NOT …very weakened…)
감정 상태와 반응을 나타내는 단어들과 함께, 사용이 나뉩니다.
I was very amused / much amused / very much amused by Miranda’s performance.
8. by와 과거 분사
by는 수동 동사 뒤에 사용되어 동작의 주체(그 동작을 수행하는 사람 또는 사물)를
소개하는 데 사용됩니다.
Most of the damage was caused by your sister.
형용사처럼 사용되는 과거 분사 뒤에, 우리는 다른 전치사를 선호합니다.
비교해 보겠습니다.:
- She was frightened by a mouse that ran into the room.
(Frightened는 동작을 나타내는 동사의 일부입니다.)
She’s always been terribly frightened of dying.
(Frightened는 정신 상태를 나타내는 형용사입니다.)
- The kids were so excited by the noise that they couldn’t get to sleep.
Joe’s excited about the possibility of going to the States.
- I was annoyed by the way she spoke to me.
I’m annoyed with you.
- The burglar was surprised by the family coming home unexpectedly.
I’m surprised at/by your attitude.
- He was badly shocked by his fall.
We were shocked at/by the prices in London.
기타 예시:
His whereabouts are known to the police.
The hills are covered in snow.
The room was filled with thick smoke.
9. 특별한 과거분사 형태
몇몇 오래된 과거분사 형태는 특정 표현에서 여전히 명사 앞에서 형용사로 사용됩니다.
drunken driving/laughter/singing 등
a shrunken head
a sunken wreck/ship 등
rotten fruit/vegetables 등
